Why Divorce Is A Good Thing

Why Divorce Is A Good Thing We owe all the wonderful aspects of modern marriage to one thing: divorce. You will hear just the opposite, of course. Religious fundamentalists and politicians will tell you that divorce is crumbling our society, ruining childrens lives, and weakening the moral character of the nation. Dont listen to them. They know perfectly well why divorce is a good thing, they just dont want you to ever find out. Divorce means choice. Divorce means that two people do not have to remain bound to each other until the grave, as society dictated until the 20th century. Divorce means that human beings can determine the path their life will take. And at its very root, divorce provides for that most crucial, most valuable of human experiences: happiness. Divorce is also the great equalizer, and the hallmark of a truly advanced society in terms of womens rights. No woman can ever claim to feel like property or subjugated by men where are there are equitable divorce laws in place. When we look back at ancient civilizations, the ones that stand out are the ones like ancient Egypt which provided equitable treatment for women and the accessibility of divorce as a way to end a legal marriage. Even in the modern world, the best countries for women are those that allow them to divorce freely and without social stigma. But the freedom to live your life how you please, without affecting how others live theirs, is something that a great number of people dont want you to have. Religions in particular seem devoted to making sure that you donà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t live how you please, that your every action is analyzed and criticized and ultimately judged. Whether its a stern and moralistic God or a harsh and judgmental society you claim as your higher power, be aware that both of them have one central belief at their core: personal happiness is bad, and personal choice is worse. The Catholic Church, for example, maintains that if you marry someone while your first spouse is still alive, you are committing adultery and will go to Hell. You are not allowed to put aside one spouse and find another, no matter what the reason. They dont like the idea of your having sex with more than one person in your life, even if you want to marry each person that you have it with. Or do they? If your spouse dies they have put no such hex on you. Widows and widowers are given the full blessing of the church to marry again. The limit seems to be three marriages, although Im not sure how stringently this rule is applied. It may be that the widowed are allowed marrying as often as they wish. But even if the church absolutely forbids a widowed person from re-marrying more than twice, it still means that the church would rather sanction youà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢re having sexual relations with three people in your life, rather than let you be married to two if the first one is merely divorced from you. Its adultery and fornication if you divorce one spouse and remarry even once, but legitimate carnal relations if you marry three times because the other two died. This cant possibly indicate a desire to limit the number of sexual partners you have, or to stamp out the sin of sex. I couldnt understand this breach in logic. As much as I disagree with the premise, if youre going to claim that all sex outside the bonds of your first marriage is sinful, then surely you have to call the widowed fornicators too, as much as the divorced are. But the church doesnt. And for years, neither did the public at large. Widowed people were pitied but respected. Divorced people caused scandal, were looked down upon by respectable people, were shunned and considered morally bankrupt. Now I know why. Its a question of choice, of volition, a unique human quality. The church, and society, simply wouldnt allow you to exercise your volition beyond that first choice of partner you made a choice, by the way, that was often made for you by your parents and had nothing to do with what you wanted. Nothing would justify wanting to make another choice later in life. Only God could do that, it seems. If God took your partner away from you, you had no choice in that, and therefore, you were allowed to choose again. If God decided to take that spouse from you too, that wasnt your choice either. As long as you yourself werent thinking and choosing and making your own decisions about your life, the church would be lenient on you. The minute you decided to affect change in your own life, to undo something you regretted doing or something that no longer served a purpose in your life, you were branded a sinner. So for centuries, miserably married people could only find freedom in the grave. Many people killed their mates to be free of them. It was not uncommon for aristocrats, attempting to climb the social ladder, to arrange for their no-longer-advantageous spouses to fall down stairs or eat poisoned meat so that they, the aristocrats, could marry someone higher up in the echelon of the nobility. For those without the stomach for murder, there was no option. There may have been unofficial separations as there are today, but the medieval mind was so accustomed to accepting discomfort and sacrifice that most unhappily married people stayed together because they felt it was their lot in life to suffer. Its a sentiment that carried through to our grandparents, and even our parents to some extent, many of whom lived out lives of unhappiness and dissatisfaction, bound for life to someone that contributed to the misery of their life, all under the guise of respecting the sanctity of wedlock. It was only when people started believing that their happiness was more important than a vow to God, that they had choice in life and were free to make choices responsibly, that marriage was a voluntary, mutually agreed upon partnership of respect and love that could dissolve if that love and respect disappearedit was only then that people started seeing marriage as an expression of joy and started enjoying the marriages they had. There is nothing sacred about a loveless marriage. Whats sacred is having the freedom to enjoy the best kind of marriage possible, the kind freely entered into by two people who understand that it could end if they neglect or abuse their partner, or that it could last a lifetime if they both want it to. Whats sacred is knowing that a satisfying, happy marriage is always possible, no matter who you find yourself with at the moment or how many times youve tried to make it work and failed. Whats sacred is saying to yourself, and your children, that happiness in love is a crucial component of a healthy life, that sacrificing that happiness for some fuzzy morality is an insult to the human mind. People who divorce and remarry respect the institution of marriage, and respect themselves. As difficult as divorce may be, as painful and unpleasant as it may be, it is necessary to preserve the essential beauty of marriage. People are much more likely to respect and honor each other, to stay in love, when they know that if they dont earn their partners love and admiration, constantly, their marriage could end. People who are bound, inextricably, to each other for life have no incentive to be good to each other. Children and Divorce But what about the children? Its a cry we hear constantly, in protest against everything from adult sites on the internet to garbage dumps to government cutbacks. Future generations, it seems, are far, far more important than this one. But I digress. I will discuss the issue of children and their relationship to marriage in a later page. Yes, children are often hurt by divorce. Yes, it can be painful for a child to see his parents split up. But I believe it is far more damaging for an adult to have grown up in a household where love has disappeared from his parents marriage, and therefore the only experience he has with it is that its a doomed institution, a miserable partnership, something he never expects will give him joy. One of the biggest mistakes parents make in child rearing is in putting their marriage last. It is imperative that you put your marriage first, not only for yourselves, but also for your children. Show your children what a marriage is, what they can expect and look forward to when they grow up. Show them a couple who are deeply in love and committed to each other, show them a man and woman enjoying being in love, respecting each other, living with each other, loving each other. If they see this, they will want and expect this for themselves. They will know what a good relationship is, and wont get drawn into bad ones. So what happens if you arent that blissful couple? What happens if you dont love each other, if your marriage isnt good? Then is that something you want your children to emulate? Even if your partner is the best parent in the world, it will do your child a great disservice if the two of you fight and hurt each other and then turn around and behave sweetly to your child. It will make your child feel uncomfortable, like they are somehow usurping love from one of their parents. Children plainly understand that their parents are supposed to be in love. Its what assures them that when they grow up theyll be in love as well. If you dont have a loving model to show your children, you are doing them no favors by staying married. Divorce. Separate yourselves from each other, and continue to be good, if separate, parents. Marry again, choosing carefully, so that your children can see that it s alright to want happiness for yourself and to go after it. Show them its alright to leave one marriag e if its bad and start another one thats better. Give them some idea of what to expect for their own happiness in the future. Divorce isnt easy. And naturally a happy marriage is preferable to divorce any day. I dont blame anyone for being afraid of divorce or for not wanting their marriage to end. But if we really want to understand what makes free, unfettered, romantic marriage possible, we have to embrace that which makes it possible, and give it the quiet respect it deserves.

McDonalds Corporation in India

McDonalds Corporation in India Organization; McDonalds is the worlds leading fast food chain with 31,000 local restaurants in 118 different countries and collectively serving more than 58 million people (www.aboutmcdonalds.com). Due to globalization and internationalization, the corporation established joint ventures, and later franchises, which enabled them to spread into other countries, like India. This turned McDonalds into a multi-billion dollar enterprise (McDonalds Annual Report 2008). Founded in 1937 by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald, the fast food chain began as a drive-in restaurant in California (Vignali 2001). In 1954, Ray Croc saw an opportunity in the fast food market and initiated a deal with the brothers, giving him rights to franchise McDonalds in America (Vignali 2001). By 1965, there were over 700 McDonalds restaurants in the country and in 1967, the corporation went global by opening restaurants in Canada and Puerto Rico (www.aboutmcdonalds.com). Since then, an average of 4.2 new McDonalds restaurants is opened daily around the world (Hill 2009), one of which included Indias first McDonalds in Mumbai in 1996 (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). The American fast food chain is the focus of this report because of its increasing international presence in the world. The literature review covers an overview of the strategies and models that will help better understand McDonalds move into the Indian market. The discussion and analysis section will focus on McDonalds in particular and the challenges and competition the corporation faced in this new foreign market. Lastly, the report will conclude with recommendations on how and what McDonalds can do to better their performance in India. Literature Review Globalization refers to the growing interdependent relationships among people from different cultures and nations as physical and psychological walls collapse, barriers to the movement of trade, capital and people are blurred and modern technology is integrated (Daniels et. al. 2009; Hill 2009). This indicates the two main factors that drive globalization are the decline in barriers to the free flow of goods, services and capital, and the change in technology (Daniels et. al. 2009). Internationalization involves customizing business strategies depending on cultural, regional and national differences (Vignali 2001). Since the 20th century, more corporations have become global to create value for their organizations and to achieve competitive advantage. This was followed by the development of multinational enterprises or corporations (Daniels et. al. 2009). According to Vignali (2001), globalization involves marketing standardized products the same way everywhere, thus viewing the world as a single entity (Vignali 2001). However, the reality is that nations, cultures and people vary around the world. Corporations need more than just globalization to succeed in the international market. According to Taylor (see Vignali 2001), companies should think global, act local (Vignali 2001, p.98) by combining internationalization and globalization elements to create a competitive advantage. Entry Modes Determining the appropriate entry mode for a corporation is a complex task. Hill, Hwang and Kim (1990) state that different entry modes have different levels of control over foreign operations, in terms of managing operational and strategic decision-making. Some of the common entry modes used by global corporations are franchising and joint ventures (Hill 2009). Franchising is when a company, or franchisor, sells intangible property, like a trademark, to the franchisee with the stipulation that the franchisee abides the by the rules and conditions specified in the franchising contract (Hill 2009). The rules as to how franchisees operate a restaurant extends to control over the menu, cooking methods, staffing policies, and design and location. This is a common strategy approached by many fast food chains. By franchising to local people, the delivery and interpretation of something foreign is translated by the local people, in terms of both product and service (Vignali 2001), and the costs of running the business is cheaper. However, franchising may inhibit a corporation taking profits out of one country to support competitive attacks in another country (Hill 2009). Also, the quality of the brand in the foreign country may not be the same or up to par as the quality of the brand of products in the corporations native country, which is ultimately bad for business (Hill 2009). Joint venture is sharing ownership between two or more companies and the percentage of ownership varies from 50% to more or less (Daniels et. al. 2009). It has similar advantages as franchising but can have more problems, such as lack of control of technology (Hill 2009). When choosing the market it is important to consider long-term economic benefits including the market size, the present wealth of consumers in the market, and the future wealth of the consumers, which depends on the economic growth rate (Hill 2009). Hill (2009) argues the product value in the foreign market is another deciding factor. This depends on if the product is suitable to the market and the local competition. As they turn global, organizations are transformed in terms of their strategies, operations, management, marketing, and human and material resources and services (Daniels et. al. 2009). This is because foreign markets have different physical, social and competitive factors from the domestic market, and this affects the objectives and the strategy of the corporation (Daniels et. al. 2009). IR Model Companies that operate internationally face two forces: pressures for global integration and pressures for local responsiveness (Daniels et. al. 2009). In their research paper, Doz and Prahalad (1984) explain economic, technological and competitive conditions push global integration, whereas diversity in customer needs, distribution channels, media and trade barriers between countries push responsiveness. Research shows that the higher the pressure for global integration, the greater the need to maximize efficiency through standardization (Daniels et. al 2009). Customers accept standardized products and this reduces costs for the corporation (Daniels et. al 2009). But, international corporations are under pressure to adapt their operations to the local market conditions and local customer demands, as well as adhere to the policies mandated by host-country governments, which varies around the world (Daniels et. al. 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The integration-responsiveness model, shown in figure 1, was initially developed by Prahalad and Doz in 1987 and then developed further by Bartlett and Ghoshal in 1989. It shows the interaction between global integration and local responsiveness (Daniels et. al. 2009). The IR model presents four strategies to guide how international corporations will enter and compete in the foreign market: international strategy, multidomestic strategy, global strategy and transnational strategy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  International strategy is adopted by corporations when they want to influence their core competencies by expanding into foreign markets. Secondly, a multidomestic corporation is locally responsive (Daniels et. al. 2009, p.475) as it allows each of its operations in foreign countries to act independently. The subsidiaries have the freedom to respond to the preferences of their local customers when designing, making and marketing products (Daniels et. al. 2009). A global strategy maximizes integration and it pushes a company to make a standardized product for a global market, such as shampoo. Lastly, transnational strategy differentiates capabilities and contributions from country to country allowing companies to learn from them. It endorses an integrated framework of technology, financial resources, creative ideas, and people (Daniels et. al. 2009). Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hofstede, a key researcher in the subject, defines culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another (see Hill 2009, p.89). Banerjee (2008) adds it is a set of values, ideas, artefacts, and other meaningful symbols that shape our attitudes and actions. Globalization has given rise to a new concept of no-border (Banerjee 2008, p.368) world. Cultures merge, change and evolve as people move around the world; this has increased rapidly due to improved technology, the birth of the internet and expanding networks of interpersonal and mass communications (Craig and Douglas 2006). As mentioned earlier in this report, corporations become international to create value and gain competitive advantage. One means of doing this is by promoting cultural diversity (Daniels et. al. 2009) as people from diverse backgrounds and experiences are brought together. When divergent cultures come in contact, cultural collision takes place. In adjacent to this theory of cultural collision, Craig, Douglas and Bennett (2009) introduce Americanization, a type of internationalization, which refers to the spread of American culture through US corporations. Establishing a global platform allows individuals and organizations to interact with each other, regardless of time, space and language. Globalization leads to plenty of opportunities, but it has also gives rise to challenges. Mayo (see Rawwas 2000) found that first-time exporters often fail as they try to expand internationally is because they were unable to understand cultural differences and foreign business practices. Rawwas (2000) concludes that an enhanced sensitivity to cultural variables is needed (p.203) for understanding the needs of international customers and making the necessary decisions to meet them. Discussion and Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  McDonalds has been operating in India since 1996 and has a total of 160 restaurants nationwide (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). Its strategy is to achieve best value by offering the best quality, while prices are kept reasonable (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). McDonalds success is attributed to its commitment to deliver quality, service, cleanliness and value to customers, increasing the number of outlets to improve convenience, and finally, its investment in supplier development, training and people (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). Entry Modes The growth of the emerging Indian market is attributed to the resurgence in manufacturing sector, growth in service sector, and bigger foreign investments (Sharma and Srinivasan 2008), as well as technological changes, GDP growth, and increase in literacy and income levels (Dana and Vignali 1998). Sharma and Srinivasan (2008) list Indias infrastructure, its economic development, market size, present and future wealth of consumers, and consumer culture as the main attraction for foreign investors. Hill (2009) and other researchers specify Indias large and relatively prosperous middle class of around 100 million (Harding 2000) was a main attraction for McDonalds. In addition, Sharma and Srinivasan (2008) state the expectation of India to be one of the top three economies in the world by 2050, along with China and USA also presented ample opportunities for the American corporation. It was a major risk on McDonalds part as India is the only country where the fast food giant does not include beef in its product, McDonalds primary raw material (Harding 2000). In conjunction with Sharma and Srinivasan, Morrison and Beck (2000) add that the costs and risks associated with doing business in India are lower because it is an economically advanced and politically stable democratic (Hill 2009, p.489) nation and it is cheaper for McDonalds to use local raw materials (Morrison and Beck 2000). Prior to its entry into India, the corporation was involved with local suppliers to ensure they were able to generate the right quality and quantity of raw materials required for production. These included potato farms in Gujarat, Trikaya Agriculture for lettuce, Dyanmix Dairy for cheese, and Vista Processed Foods for chicken and vegetables (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). McDonalds also developed a cold chain network, which keeps raw materials fresh as they are moved from the farms to the restaurants at the lowest possible costs. This unique network benefits the local farmers, while at the same time, gives customers high quality food products that are fresh and of great value (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). Goyal and Singh (2007) insist that although traditionally, Indians prefer home-cooked meals, there has been a shift in the food consumption patterns due to westernization. Indians were more receptive to international food and eating out at restaurants (Goyal and Singh 2007). According to worldwatch.org (see Goyal and Singh 2007, p.184), Indias fast food industry is growing by 40% each year. Prior to the entry of international fast food outlets, Goyal and Singh (2007) reveal that Nirulas was a popular domestic fast food provider. The British Wimpys was the first international fast food chain to enter the Indian market in 1984 and were an instant success. Except for Wimpys and later KFC, India was not home to many fast food outlets in the mid-1990s, and the McDonalds Corporation felt they could give something extra to the Indian customers (Goyal and Singh 2007). McDonalds entry into India was initially done through joint-venture companies: M.D. Hardcastle Restaurants Pvt. Ltd. heads up the restaurants in west and south India, while those in the north and east are managed by Connaught Plaza Restaurant Pvt. Ltd. (www.mcdonaldsindia.com). However, this is unlike Vignali (2001) and Hill (2009) who indicate that McDonalds growth and international success is attributed to using the franchising strategy (Hill 2009, p.498). McDonalds allows local firms in India to use its brand name as long as they stick to the franchising contract. They also organize the supply chain for its franchisees and provide management training and financial assistance (Hill 2009). As mentioned in the literature review, maintaining the expected quality of McDonalds products throughout its outlets in India is a challenge (Hill 2009). One way in which they handle this is by establishing a master franchisee (Hill 2009, p.498). This is where the joint venture McDonalds has established with the two local firms is crucial. The managers of the firms, who have been trained at McDonalds Hamburger University in America, head up the two master franchisee and oversee the operations in all McDonalds outlets in India (www.mcdonaldsindia.com; Hill 2009). It can be argued that the American fast food giant initially entered the Indian market through joint-ventures, but then later spread all over the country through franchises. Hill (2009) continues that, through joint ventures and franchising, McDonalds benefits from the local partners knowledge of the countrys competitive conditions, culture, and language, and the corporation is also relieved of the costs and risks of opening in the foreign market on their own; instead, the franchisee assumes all the responsibilities. By using this strategy, McDonalds was able to expand rapidly at a relatively low cost and risk (Hill 2009). IR Model McDonalds adopted the international strategy through franchising to push their core competencies in the Indian market and to customize their products and services to the local customer demands (Hill 2009). This way the corporation relies on local subsidiaries in India to stick to the regulations of running McDonalds and ensure the standardizing of its products and services (Daniels et. al. 2009). However, the Indian market is culturally diverse, so complete standardization within an international scale is impossible. Dana and Vignali (1998) argue that standardization is cheaper, but success is often a function of being able to adapt to an environment (p.50). McDonalds standardizes as much as possible to reduce costs, but they are aware of cultural differences and have adopted the concept of think global, act local (Vignali 2001, p.99). According to Hill (2009), international strategy provides the subsidiaries with some freedom, but the primary control resides with managers at the headquarters in America. Multidomestic strategy, on the other hand, allows McDonalds in India to act independently from its counterparts in America. The Indian subsidiaries are granted the authority to design, make and market new products that directly respond to the local customers preferences (Hill 2009). McDonalds does not use beef because the cow is worshipped by the local Hindu population. In fact, possession of beef could result in five years jail time (Dana and Vignali 1998). Thus, the corporation completely removed beef from all its products, as well as pork for the Muslims (Harding 2001). Instead of the ever-popular Big Macs found in the west, McDonalds in India serves Maharaja Macs made from mutton, spicy vegetarian rice patties (Morrison and Beck 2000), chicken burgers, vegetarian McAloo Tikki burgers, containing potatoes, and vegetarian pizza puffs all designed to draw in the Indian middle-class (Harding 2001; Vignali 2001). Customers in India have different preferences due to cultural and religious differences, so McDonalds is required to modify and adapt their products and services as according to the local demand. Therefore, as indicated in figure 2, McDonalds strategy is positioned between the international and multidomestic quadrant. Culture Craig, Douglas and Bennett (2009) state in their article that as that the opening on McDonalds in India is a reflection of the American culture spreading. The Indian public have mixed feelings about the companys presence in the country. Usually, the younger generation, particularly, the college-going crowd and high school students from the middle-class enjoy the new taste. However, many of them argue that McDonalds food is badexpensiveun-Indian (Harding 2001). Food ingredients are not the only things McDonalds had to modify. They learned the hard way to be aware of the religious belief and value of Hindus, Jains, Muslims and Christians in the country and adapt to each. Dana and Vignali (1998) recount an incident in the late 1990s that arose when McDonalds printed two million bags illustrating the flags of 24 competitors of a football championship. The problem was that the Saudi Arabias flag contained the religious words: There is no God but Allah, and Mohammad is his prophet (Dana and Vignali 1998, p.50). This angered the large Hindu population in the country and caused a scandal, affecting McDonalds reputation. Competition McDonalds key competitor is KFC, another American fast food giant. KFC entered the Indian market a year before McDonalds and there were problems from the start. The corporation would fatten its chicken on maize, but this was also a source of nutrition for the poor in India. They were getting less and less maize and could not even afford to eat at KFC (Dana and Vignali 1998). The Karnataka Farmers Association went on riots to demonstrate their protest and anger at the corporation, and it eventually culminated with KFC losing their permit in the southern state (Dana and Vignali 1998). KFC restaurants in India are limited and many of them have faced issues, such as unsanitary conditions (Dana and Vignali 1998, p.51).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another competitor in India for McDonalds is the British fast food chain, Wimpys (Dana 1999). They are the only international fast food conglomerate who has been in India the longest. Their growth has been slowed down over the years due to the number of international fast food chains entering India, but they frequently expand and reinvent their menus with Indian dishes to attract Indian customers (Goyal and Singh 2007). Although McDonalds has done comparatively better than KFC in India, the former faced plenty of challenges too. In the following section, recommendations are given on how McDonalds can improve their performance in subcontinent. Recommendations and Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early 2000, McDonalds faced a lot of problems and the local population were dissatisfied with the corporations presence in the country. The problems stemmed from the corporations lack of understanding about cultural and religious beliefs in India. This shows a sign of lack of faith and lack of trust, particularly after rumours of beef fat in cooking oil used by the French McDonalds (Harding 2001) set of angry protests in India. Delhis managing director for McDonalds insists the outlets in India do not use beef extracts, but since the McDonalds empire was built on beef products, some Indians find it hard to believe that the local outlets do not use beef extracts (Harding 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a delicate situation and a hard problem to solve when religion and cultural beliefs are involved. The best thing McDonalds can do to keep business flowing in India is by building up consumer trust in the Indian market. By establishing a strategic alliance between domestic competitors, like Nirulas, customers might be influenced into eating at McDonalds (Hill 2009). This collaboration would encourage McDonalds to develop more Indian-friendly products, like curries, that fit the tastes of the local demand, and it might present the American corporation in a more favourable light. McDonalds is a popular fast food chain found all over the world. Entering into the Indian market was a brave move and it set new challenges for the corporation due to cultural, religious and ethical differences in the country. McDonalds are still facing problems, but for the most part they have managed to attract a part of the Indian population, fascinated by this western culture. In conclusion, despite the blurring of the physical boundaries between India and America, cultural factors still affect Indian customers buying habits (Banerjee 2008) and McDonalds need to focus on gaining the trust of their local customers, or they will be unsuccessful like their fellow-American competitors, KFC. References BANERJEE, Saikat, 2008. Dimensions of Indian culture, core cultural values, and marketing implications: An analysis. Cross Cultural Management : An International Journal, 15(4), pp.367-378. DANA, Leo Paul, 1999. Nirulas small business. British Food Journal, 101(5/6), pp.500-504. DANA, Leo and VIGNALI, Claudio, 1998. Introductory cases. British Food Journal, 100(2), pp.49-57. DANIELS, John D., RADEBAUGH, Lee H., and SULLIVAN, Daniel P., 2009. International Business: Environments and Operations. 12th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. DOZ, Yves and PRAHALAD, C.K., 1984. Patterns of strategic control within multinational corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, 15(2), pp.55-72. CRAIG, Samuel C. and DOUGLAS, Susan P., 2006. Beyond national culture: implications of cultural dynamics for consumer research. International Marketing Review, 23(3), pp.322-342. CRAIG, Samuel C., DOUGLAS, Susan P., and BENNETT, Aronte, 2009. Contextual and cultural factors underlying Americanization. International Marketing Review, 26(1), pp.90-109. GOYAL, Anita and SINGH, N.P., 2007. Consumer perception about fast food in India: an exploratory study. British Food Journal, 109(2), pp.182-195. HARDING, Luke, 2000. Give me a Big Mac but hold the beef [online], available at The Guardian http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/dec/28/globalisation.lukeharding [accessed on 1/02/2010]. HARDING, Luke, 2001. Indian McAnger [online], available at The Guardian http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/may/07/globalisation.lukeharding [accessed on 1/02/2010]. HILL, Charles W. L., 2009. International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. HILL, Charles, W.L., HWANG, Peter, and KIM, Chan W., 1990. An eclectic theory of the choice of international entry mode. Strategic Management Journal, 11(2), pp.117-128. McDonalds Corporation USA, 2010. About McDonalds [online], available at http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com [accessed on 25/01/2010]. McDonalds Corporation India, 2009. About McDonalds [online], available at http://www.mcdonaldsindia.com/aboutus.html [accessed on 26/01/2010]. McDonalds Corporation, 2008. McDonalds 2008 Annual Report [online], available at www.aboutmcdonalds.com [accessed on 29/01/2010]. MORRISON, Allen and BECK, John, 2000. Taking trouble: the key to effective global attention. Strategy Leadership, 28(2), pp.26-32. SHARMA, Somesh Kumar and SRINIVASAN, R., 2008. Perceptions of foreign players for effective positioning in India. Management Decision, 46(10), pp.1465-1481. RAWWAS, Mohammad Y.A., 2001. Culture, personality and morality: A typology international consumers ethical beliefs. International Marketing Review, 18(2), pp.188-209. VIGNALI, Claudio, 2001. McDonalds: think global, act local the marketing mix. British Food Journal, 103(2), pp.97-111.

Promotion of New and Renewable Sources of Energy Essay -- United Nati

Promotion of New and Renewable Sources of Energy Introduction Energy plays a crucial role in the economic development of all nations, especially those with limited access to resources. Access to energy sources is one of the fundamental elements of poverty reduction and sustainable development. It is for this reason that renewable energy and energy efficiency is essential to protect and preserve, as it provides a basis for economic advances, increased education, and environment sustainability. The United Nations is committed to alleviating these pressing concerns through the implementation of programs such as the Millennium Development Goals and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, as well as through numerous others and in concordance with the work of its main bodies and committees. Acknowledging the importance of sustainable uses of energy, the Economic and Financial Committee (ECOFIN) meets biennially to specifically discuss energy and ways to implement ever improving technology. History of Committee The Economic and Financial Committee is commonly referred to as the 2nd Committee, as it is one of six main bodies under direct authority of the General Assembly. ECOFIN deals with issues concerning economic growth and development, globalization and interdependence, sustainable development, as well as macroeconomic trade and commodities. ECOFIN also pays special attention to the concerns of the least developed countries and items on the agenda focus on integrating developing countries smoothly into the world economy (?Economic and Financial?). Other current affairs include disaster reduction, women and development, preventing and combating corrupt practices, and protection of the global climate. ... ... Assembly Main Committees. 3 April 2007. ?Changing Unsustainable Patterns of Consumption and Production.? 2002. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 3 April 2007. ?Establishment of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development as an Organ of the General Assembly.? 30 December 1964. General Assembly Resolutions. ?The Energy Challenge for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals.? 2005. United Nations Energy 3 April 2007. ?What Are the Millennium Development Goals 2005. UN Development Goals. 20 April 2007.

Suez Crisis :: Papers

Suez Crisis Anthony Eden was Prime Minister at the time of the Suez Crisis in 1956. His political career began in 1923 and by 1926 he had become a parliamentary private secretary at the Foreign Office. He was very involved with the League of Nations, believing in their principles and at the age of 38, became Foreign Secretary. At this time international affairs were seen as being aggressive and Anthony Eden was forced to resign from Neville Chamberlain's Government over his policy of appeasement. He joined the Government during World War Two and became Secretary of State for war under Churchill. After the war times were very difficult with the Cold War at its peak and trouble in the Middle East. Colonel Nasser became dictator of Egypt in 1954 after leading a successful revolution against King Farouk. British troops left Egypt for the first time since 1882, and as soon as they had gone, Nasser declared the Suez Canal to be the property of the Egyptian Government. The Suez Canal was a vital shipping route for oil being brought to Britain. Eden wrongly saw Colonel Nasser as the next Hitler and was determined to make a stand against him. "Nasser has a finger on our wind pipe", he remarked. Nasser was going to be taught a lesson. Nasser was seen as a nationalist who was determined to rid Egypt of foreign influence and make Egypt the Arab world's leading state. He had tried to buy arms from the West but eventually had to buy them from Czechoslovakia and western powers were concerned that Nasser was leading Egypt towards communism. His seizure of the Suez Canal was justified in his mind by the refusal of Britain and US to finance his ambitious project to build the Aswan Dam across the Nile. In Source A, Eden says Nasser is "not a man who can be trusted", and also "we all know this is how dictators behave and we all remember the cost of giving in to Hitler". This shows that Eden cannot help

athletic director :: essays research papers

PEOPLE come first, are treated with dignity and respect, and are encouraged to achieve their full potential; RELATIONSHIPS are built on honesty, integrity and trust; DIVERSITY of people and thought is respected; EXCELLENCE is achieved through teamwork, leadership, creativity, and a strong work ethic; EFFICIENCY is achieved through wise use of human and financial resources; and COMMITMENT to intellectual achievement is embraced. Function of Position Responsible to the University President for the overall administration and management of the university intercollegiate athletics program; and performing other related duties as assigned. Essential Functions Submits recommendations and supporting documentation to the President, Athletic Advisory Committee, and Tennessee Board of Regents as necessary to make decisions regarding goals, academics, capital expansion, staffing, budget appropriations, and other aspects of intercollegiate athletics; implements and communicates directives, including maintenance and control. Establishes policies and procedures to ensure compliance with National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), conference, and university rules and regulations. Represents the university as its primary spokesperson for the intercollegiate athletics program; oversees public relations with faculty, staff, students, alumni, sports media, and the general public; works with the Assistant Athletic Director for External Relations and the Director for Media Relations to develop and implement public relations policies and objectives. Accepts public speaking engagements to promulgate department philosophies and objectives. Coordinates and supervises men=s basketball, golf, baseball, men=s and women=s tennis programs working directly with the Head Coach; supervises the administration of all other varsity programs through the Associate Athletic Director for Internal Operations. Oversees all internal financial and administrative operations through the Manager of Athletic Business and Ticket Operations; promulgates budget guidelines and approves final submission for each area; monitors conformance to established budget. Develops long term plans to determine need for and feasibility of constructing or upgrading athletic facilities. Coordinates scheduling for sports events involving conference participation of revenue contracts. Negotiates and administers contracts concerning radio and television (network and cable) coverage of athletic events; serves as the university=s primary public relations liaison for intercollegiate sports. Represents the department on a conference and national level; serves as an ex officio member of the Athletics Advisory Committee; ensures that coaching and administrative staff actively support the department and university=s joint commitment to academic achievement, which entails helping each student athlete make normal progress in completing his/her degree and to graduate within a five year period; serves on university and other committees that involve intercollegiate athletics. Supervises fund development through the Executive Director for Athletic Advancement; may personally secure gifts or establish endowment funds by cultivating the interest of corporations, individuals, foundations, or associations.

Desdemona and Cordelias Love

Doris L Soto Prof Nadita Batra INGL 4025 802 07 8757 Desdemona and Cordelia’s Love The differences between love and tragedies are portrayed in Shakespeare’s Othello and King Lear. The complete relationship between father and daughter is corrupted by an external meaning, which plays an important role. How blind and deft can a father be to not understand? Is it that important for a daughter to die just to prove her point and her extreme emotional intelligence?One man that can provide an example would be a father like King Lear, who denied his daughter Cordelia because she did not use flattering words to make him feel better or out shadow her sisters. The heroines of Shakespeare are born is these plays, they can be great and intelligent for their age, but they were somehow young and naive. Love and sorrow are a part of these tragic relationships; whereas it is too late for denial and repent. Within their actions of love and understanding both of these women convinced their fathers they were completely right.Desdemona was married to Othello without the consent of her father Barbantio, this caused Barbantio to feel indignant and even more so when he knew that Othello, who was more of a friend than anything else, was the man who had courted and married his daughter without his consent. Indirectly, this is one way that Desdemona proves her true love, which is by confronting her father and declaring her love for Othello. Brabantio question her â€Å"Destruction of my head if my bad blame† (Shakespeare p. 38), where Desdemona responds, â€Å" but heres my husband, and so much duty and my mother showed to you, preferring you before her father, so much I challenge that I may profess due to the Moore my lord† (Shakespeare 341). This shows how as a daughter Desdemona admired her father, and felt compelled to explain her actions, although she did not regret them. Brabantio was grasp and put in the same position, he was put when younger. As a fathe r figure, Barbantio realizes this love even though Desdemona was in opposition to his ideals.It was ontly logical that Desdemona would choose Othello since he was the figure that most corresponded with her father, in reference to social status, etc. For what her father has taught her, she had high standards; Brabantio was a very intelligent man. Desdemona had for the two men most important in her life, the one that raise her and the one that completed her. Acting without forethought is what best describes the injustice that is done towards Cordelia by her father and her non-supporting traitor sisters.Cordelia was the daughter that never cared about putting her life at risk in order to prove her point to her father King Lear. Her character was put to a test of love, money, and truth. Cordelia had proven that her love is divided; she cannot love more, she had a greater philosophy, which was that love equals love; none was greater and none was smaller. This could have been because she was royalty and well taught; she understood the danger of dividing a Kingdom. Ironically an intelligent father disinherits her, with her soon to be husband.This action of his came back tenfold when his other two daughters betrayed him and he ended out suffering just as Cordelia, only worst. This king that has been so successful and intelligent was blinded by the love of his daughters and his deception in Cordelias actions. This may prove he did not have knowledge enough of the demon that existed between money, betrayal, and power. Cordelia’s relationship with the King was not acknowledged at that very moment since Lear had made his own pedestal.With Cordelia’s departure, she put Lear on an evaluation, a test where he was the only one that could resolve; she decided to give him the time. Cordelia was willing to make her father understand her love no matter what, but King Lear was to devastated and stubborn to realize that he was being betrayed by the daughters that pret ended to love him and loved by Cordelia, the rebellious one. The moment in which the King understood this was too late. The king reply â€Å"had I your tongue and eyes, I’d use them so that the heaven’s vault crack. She’s gone forever.I know when one is dead and when one live; she is dead like earth† (Shakespeare 704) By the time it came to him that she was the truly good daughter, he saw that the place were she was suppose to be from the beginning was with him. An ignorant father that could not realize his third child was the one with the more knowledge and understanding of life and love. Cordelia died to prove it. Desdemona and Cordelia made the impossible to acknowledge their importance of their existence throughout the play; they were both the heroines for their stories of being strong and liberal women.The ones that made reason within the power that were assigned for men. Desdemona was a very intelligent woman like Cordelia, they were assigned for th ose men to make them understand that love is pain and is not only love. These women tried to make their fathers understand with just words what they intended to do but could not. Cordelia did not lie to her father and Desdemona clarified that she was not stolen. Both of these great women did what they felt it was right.Desdemona’s overconfidence of the world and her own situation drag her to her own murder, she was too naive to understand the evil that her own father planted in Othello’s mind which was going to get her killed. The price that Desdemona and Cordelia had to pay was of silent and death, they had no more options, they both wanted to prove that they were right and that their truth was going to be relevant in some of the point of their situation. Cordelia was not going to rest until she save her father and Desdemona was not going to be complete unless her father approves her relation with Othello.Their father and daughter relationships seemed to correspond wi th one another in both of the plays. These women were from a high class and both had their father as an example of greatness and power, therefore they are as intelligent and powerful as their fathers, the difference between them is that they are women and somehow that makes them see things different and understand from another perspective what men would not. Women are actually stronger, and the both prove it when their love was enough to not want to quit and to prevail in their points. ‘ Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Four Tragedies Shakespeare. April: Bantam Dell, 2005. Print.

Fire Rescue Department In Malaysia Engineering Essay

In Malaysia, Fire Rescue Department or popularly known as Bomba is the fire and deliverance services bureau. The fire safety criterions must be implemented by following the ordinances in the Uniform Building By-Law ( UBBL ) 1984, National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) Codes and Standards and Fire Services Act 1988.2.1.1 Uniform Building By-Law ( UBBL ) 1984Uniform Building By-Law ( UBBL ) 1984 is a published papers, which is used as a needed safety criterion and besides is emphasized by the authorities. The Standing Committee recommended that life safety of the edifice residents must be considered first and it is to be achieved by giving the minimal demand sing to the assorted facets. The assorted facets refer to issue for the residents, spread of fire within the edifice or from one edifice to another one edifice and agencies of sensing and extinction of fires. In UBBL 1984, 80 per centum emphasized on life safety demand and 20 per centum are staying on the belongings protection of a edifice ( Goh, 2009 ) . Besides, the basic demands of the UBBL are equal fire protection stuffs and building system to do certain the safety of the life and belongings in the edifice during the fire. Furthermore, UBBL 1984 besides stated some fire demands sing the building design in order to minimise and diminish the hazard of fire. Automatic fire sprinkler system is mentioned in Uniform Building By-Law 1984 at Part VIII ( Fire Alarm, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access ) .2.1.2 National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA )National Fire Protection Association is an international non-profit organisation which is authorized on fire, electrical and edifice safety. The NFPA was established in 1896 and it serves as the universe ‘s prima advocator in fire bar and is an important beginning for information on fire safety ( Tharmarajan, 2007 ) . Besides that, NFPA develops, publishes, and disseminates about 300 consensus codifications and criterions which intended to minimise the effects of fire and other hazard. Actually for every edifice, procedure, service, design, and installing in society today is already affected by NFPA paperss ( National Fire Protection Association, 2009 ) . Automatic fire sprinkler is mentioned in NFPA 13 ( Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems ) , NFPA 25 ( Standard for the Inspection, Testing, Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection System )2.1.3 Fire Services Act 1988The Fire Services Act 1988 is implemented to do necessary proviso for the effectual and efficient operation of the fire Services Department. In add-on, this act is besides for the protection of individual and belongings from fire hazards and other intents connected therewith. This Act most likely explains the responsibilities of the Fire service Department, which consists of implementing fire bar, fire safety review and fire jeopardy suspension, probe and prosecution ( Tharmarajan, 2007 ) .2.2 Types of fire sprinkler systemsFire sprinkler systems are the most of import and successful of the fire contending systems. There are five chief types of fire sprinkler system which are wet pipe, dry pipe, pre-action, re-cycling and surrogate moistures and dry pipe. The three extra types of fire sprinkler system which are tail-end surrogate, tail-end dry pipe and flood. These three systems may be combined with wet pipe and/or surrogate moisture and dry pipe sprinkler system to organize extensions. The type of sprinkler systems to be selected for the edifice will be depended on type of edifice and type of stuffs to be protected ( Hassan, 1996 ) . For illustration, a storage installation that shops extremely flammable liquids will necessitate a different sprinkler system from a shopping Centre.2.2.1 Wet pipe systemWet pipe systems are the most common fire sprinkler system that have been utilizing in the edifice. This sprinkler system is suited used in het edifices where temperatures remain above 0 and there is no hazard of the H2O in the sprinkler system stop deading ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Water is invariably maintained within the distribution piping. When a fire produced the heat, it will do the nearest sprinkler caputs to open at their operating t emperature. Water will instantly dispatch onto the fire, at the same clip the flow of H2O activates a hydraulicly operated dismay bell outside the edifice and agreements can besides be made to alarm the local Fire Brigade ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Figure 2.1 shows a typical moisture sprinkler system where the H2O supply is taken straight from the H2O chief. Figure 2.2 shows how the pipe connected the dismay valve to an dismay tam-tam and turbine. The entire figure of sprinklers that connected to an installing will be different for light jeopardy, ordinary jeopardy and high jeopardy and, depending on the fortunes. Besides that, the figure of sprinklers system fitted to each installing will change over the scope of 500 to 1000 ( Hassan, 1996 ) . When fire sprinkler systems installed in a high rise edifice, the difference in tallness between the lowest and the highest sprinkler in an installing must non be greater than 45 metres ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Distribution pipes are to be connected independently to the chief rise pipe at the floor being served and no subdivision shall widen to more than one floor, mean that each subdivision being served by a separate chief rise pipe. Figure 2.1 Figure 2.22.2.1.1 Advantages of moisture pipe sprinkler systemSimplicity and dependability systemWet pipe sprinkler systems have the fewest figure of constituents and necessitate less installing clip comparison to other systems. Due to the system ‘s simpleness, the system care may non be performed as the coveted frequence. The dependability of moisture pipe sprinkler system is of import since sprinklers may be used to standby for many old ages before they are needed ( API Group, 2003 ) .Fiscal salvagingThe installing and care disbursal for wet pipe sprinkler system are comparative low ( API Group, 2003 ) . It is because moisture pipe sprinkler systems require least sum of installing clip and besides less service clip is required.Ease of alterationThe plants to modify the moisture pipe sprinkler system include closing down the H2O supply, run outing pipes and doing changes. After so, the undermentioned work is to coerce prove the system and reconstruct it. Additional work for sensing and particular control equipment is evitable which may salvage the clip and cost ( API Group, 2003 ) .Shorter clip to mend after fireWet pipe sprinkler systems require the least sum of attempt and clip to reconstruct after a fire ( API Group, 2003 ) . In most cases, fire sprinkler is reinstated by replacing the amalgamate sprinklers and turning the H2O supply back on. For other types of sprinkler systems, it may necessitate extra attempt to reset control equipment.2.2.1.2 Disadvantages of moisture pipe sprinkler systemThe disadvantages of moisture pipe sprinkler system are that it can non be installed in an country where distribution pipes are exposed to stop deading temperatures. It is because the H2O inside the distribution pipe will go solid if exposed to stop deading temperatures.2.2.2 Dry pipe systemThis system may merely be used in the conditions that it is impossible to utilize a moisture pipe system, or jump moistures and dry type system. Dry pipe sprinkler systems are installed in countries where distribution pipes are exposed to stop deading temperatures. For illustration, dry pipe sprinkler systems will be installed at unwarmed edifices and parking garages. The system between dry pipe system and wet pipe system are different. The difference is that, wet pipe sprinkler systems contain H2O but dry pipe sprinkler systems contain tight air. The tight air is supplied by an electric air compressor, N bottles, or other beginning. In add-on, the air force per unit area inside the pipes that is about one-third to one-half times greater than the maximal H2O force per unit area. Dry pipe sprinkler systems have a valve applauder and dismay port. The map of dry pipe valve applauder is to divide between air force per unit area and H2O force per unit area at the valve interface. When a fire starts, fire release the heat causes a sprinkler caput to open and the tight air would be released. Once this happened, H2O will come in the pipe and fluxing through unfastened sprinkler onto the fire. Due to this system is apt to endure frost harm, it is of import that the pipe work should be self-draining and sprinkler caputs must be fitted above the scope pipes. The figure of sprinkler fitted to each installing shall be within the scope 125 to 500, and depends on whether or non an gas pedal has been fitted to the system ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Figure 2.3 shows how sprinkler caputs fitted above the scope pipe. Figure 2.3 ( Beginnings from Hassan, 1996 )2.2.2.1 Advantages of dry pipe sprinkler systemSuitable for stop deading temperaturesDry pipe sprinkler systems are suited to be installed in countries where distribution pipes are exposed to stop deading temperatures. For illustration, dry pipe installings include unwarmed edifices and parking garages.Suitable for H2O sensitive countriesThe advantage of dry pipe sprinkler systems is that it is suited to be used to protect aggregations and other H2O sensitive countries while the moisture pipe system does non. While a physical harm on the moisture pipe sprinkler systems will do the pipes leaking, dry pipe sprinkler system will non. It will take 1 minute to let go of the air inside the pipes before H2O flowing.2.2.2.2 Disadvantages of dry pipe sprinkler systemIncreased complexnessHarmonizing to API Group, dry pipe sprinkler systems require extra control equipment and air force per unit area supply constituents which will increase complexness o f the systems. If proper care is non followed for this sprinkler system, the system would be less dependable.Higher installing and care costThe installing cost for dry pipe sprinkler system will be higher since the complexness degree is higher and installing clip is longer comparison to wet pipe system. Besides that, the care cost will besides be higher due to labor accomplishment is required to keep this complex sprinkler systems.Lower design flexiblenessThere are rigorous demands sing the upper limit permitted size of single dry pipe systems ( API Group, 2003 ) . These restrictions may impact the ability of an proprietor to do system add-ons.Increased fire response clipThe entire clip taken from sprinkler caput opens until H2O is discharged onto the fire is up to 60 seconds ( API Group, 2003 ) . The fire snuff outing actions will be delay for 60 seconds and caused the fire harm to the edifice addition.Increased corrosion potencyDry pipe sprinkler systems must be wholly drained and dried. If there is H2O staying inside the pipe, it will do corrosion and premature failure. This sort of job will non go on on moisture pipe system because the H2O is invariably maintained in piping.2.2.3 Pre-action systemPre-action sprinkler systems are installed in H2O sensitive environments such as computing machine suites, library and paper records office. When in an existent fire status, these systems will run to salvage the edifice and its constituents from fire harm. It will give earliest warning if detected of burning in the protected countries and which will originate from the action of a fume sensor. This will gives adequate clip for the eruption to be dealt with satisfactorily by utilizing portable asphyxiators. The pre-action system is similar to a dry pipe system and flood system. The difference between pre-action system and dry pipe system is that the air force per unit area may or may non be used for pre-action system. The difference between pre-action system and flood system is that the valve is electronically held closed and standard â€Å" closed † are used for pre-action system. Two separate events must be presented to originate sprinkler discharge onto the fire. First, the sensing system identifies a underdeveloped fire and so automatically sprinkler system would open the pre-action valve. When the pre-action valve is opened, it allows H2O to flux into system shrieking. Second, each of the sprinkler caputs will verify whether there is fire so merely permit H2O flow onto the fire. This system must be self-draining. For pre-action sprinkler system installing, the maximal Numberss of sprinklers that may be fitted to an installing for light jeopardy is about 500, ordinary jeopardy and high jeopardy is about 1000 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.2.3.1 Advantages of pre-action sprinkler systemThe double action required H2O releaseThe double action here means that the pre-action valve must run and sprinkler caput must blend so merely H2O release ( API Group, 2003 ) . This characteristic provides dual degree of protection against accidental discharge. With this ground, pre-action sprinkler systems are often installed in H2O sensitive countries such as book libraries, computing machine centres and etc.2.2.3.2 Disadvantages of pre-action sprinkler systemHigher installing and care costPre-action sprinkler systems are more complex with several extra constituents, such as fire sensing system. Thus the installing and care cost will go higher due to the add-ons system required.Alteratio n troublesPre-action sprinkler systems have specific size restrictions which may impact hereafter system alterations ( API Group, 2003 ) . Besides that, system alterations must integrate alterations to the fire sensing and control system to guarantee proper operation.Potential decreased dependabilityThe higher degree of complexness with pre-action sprinkler systems the higher possibility that something may non work when needed. Regular care is needed to guarantee dependability.2.2.4 Alternate moisture and dry pipe systemThis system is used for those developments in which the H2O in the pipes may stop dead when alteration in the clime and where the encompassing temperature does non transcend 70. For illustration, the system is operated ‘dry ‘ in winter and ‘wet ‘ in the summer. The system inside the pipes will be alterations by following the clime, when it is dry pipe system so the pipes contain tight air, and when it is alterations to wet pipe system so the pipes are filled with H2O. In some instances, this system may necessitate a duplicate of the automatic dismay valves, which may be connected in analogue. The benefit of the automatic dismay valves is to installations an easy conversion at the bend of the season. Besides that, the system must be self-draining and the figure of sprinkler fitted to each installing shall be within the scope 125 to 500 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.2.5 Recycling systemThe usage of this system is by and large restricted to state of affairs where it is necessary: To restrict H2O harm after a inferno ; To forestall accidental H2O harm caused by any accident mechanical intervention with the pipe work or sprinklers ; and To be able to transport out work on the installing while guaranting that the system remains in a province of preparedness at all times. When pre-action valve bend to open mean than the operation of any heat sensor activates the dismay driven tam-tam and primes the pipe work ready for the at hand gap of one or more sprinklers. If the fire was put out by portable asphyxiators instantly, the heat sensors automatically reset to the normal monitoring place. This has the consequence of originating a hydraulic force per unit area equalisation procedure which may typically take 5 proceedingss to finish. After this has occurred, the pre-action valve will be from opened and turn to closed. If the fire begins to rekindle, the heat sensors will be reactivated and do the pre-action valve once more be opened. After so H2O will be directed discharge to the beginning of the fire. Others installings use electrical clocking units and the usage of electrically meshing circuitry is installed to guarantee that the system will non run entirely because of falling air force per unit area in the pipe work. With this system, any inadvertent harm to either the pipe work, or the sprinkler caputs will non do the chief valve to open. The disadvantage is when secret agents working on such an installing must take attention that they isolate that portion of the system on which they are working from the potentially active chief system. The system must be self-draining and the figure of sprinklers fitted to such an installing must non transcend 1000 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.2.6 Deluge systemDeluge sprinkler systems are installed in high jeopardy operations, such as power bring forthing station, chemical storage, weaponries workss, and the countries which store points such as flammable liquids. These sprinkler systems will work together with independent fire sensing systems and disch arge H2O instantly to the protected country during a fire. The flood sprinkler system is similar to a pre-action system. The difference between flood sprinkler system and pre-action system is that the flood sprinkler caputs are unfastened and the pipe is non pressurized with air. Deluge systems are connected to a H2O supply through a flood valve that is opened when fume or heat sensing system is activated. The sensing system is installed in the same country as the sprinklers. When the sensing system is activated, H2O will dispatch through all of the sprinkler caputs onto the fire. Water is non equal to command or extinguishment fire in countries where flammable liquids are manufactured or stored. Water is require to blend with the froth dressed ore and do the dressed ore to spread out when released through the sprinkler caput, it may striping the fire beginning of O required to back up burning of flammable stuffs ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.2.7 Tail-end surrogate pipe and tail-end dry pipe systemsThese systems may be regarded as an ‘add-on ‘ system to a standard sprinkler installing and they are intended to cover with relatively little countries. In a het edifices will served by a conventional moisture pipe system, it is possible that a little portion of the edifice is either unwarmed or is overheated temperatures. In order to cover with this, it is allowable to fall in a tail-end surrogate system onto the chief moisture pipe system. The figure of sprinklers on any tail-end extension must non transcend 100. If it is more than two tail-end extensions are services by one valve set, the entire figure of sprinklers in the tail-end extension must non transcend 250 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.3 Benefit of fire sprinkler systemAutomatic fire sprinkler systems have been used to protect industrial and commercial belongingss for more than 100 old ages. Nowadays, fire sprinklers are non merely installed in commercial and industrial edifices but besides installed in residential edifices, office edifices, schools and hotels. Fire sprinkler systems are become common and popular that is because it is provide many benefits to us.2.3.1 Reduce human deathsIt is hard to gauge how much safer fire sprinklers could supply in the event of fire. Based on grounds from research lab surveies and limited field experience in the United States, the surveies prove that fire sprinklers could salvage an extra 7.7 lives per million houses per twelvemonth . In add-on, the grounds besides proves that fire sprinklers could cut down the hazard of firefighter decease and hurt during put out a fire. It is estimated if all the edifices were installed with fire sprinklers, approximately 0.1 fireman lives could be saved per million houses per twelvemonth. Thus, the survey concludes that fire sprinkler could salvage an extra 7.8 lives per million houses per twelvemonth ( Rousseau, 1989 ) .2.3.2 Reduce hurtsBased on the United Stated research, the survey proves that if installing of fire sprinkler in edifices could forestall about 87 people hurts per million houses each twelvemonth. The sum of firefighting hurts could besides be reduced through increased installing of sprinklers by every bit many as 30 firefighting hurts per million houses per twelvemonth. Based on American Studies, the cost to remedial per hurt to a civilian or fireman is $ 30,000 ( Rousseau, 1989 ) . These costs are included to pay medical measures and allowance for hurting and agony.2.3.3 Reduce Insurance PremiumsResidential fire sprinkler systems are going more prevailing with each go throughing twelvemonth. If the edifice installed with fire sprinkler systems, it will do the extra 1 to 2 % addition in the concluding cost of the house ( Snyder, 2008 ) . Besides that, municipalities must account for the addition in residential system and guarantee that they are being maintained in conformity with current National Fire Protection Association criterions. After installed fire sprinkler systems, they will really salvage money because they can cut down place insurance rates by 5 to 15 per centum ( Snyder, 2008 ) . These values are expected to be increase in the hereafter. In the event that there is a fire, they will besides salvage money in possible amendss.2.3.4 Increase value of the edificeA edifice constructed with fire sprinkler system has more value than a edifice without a fire sprinkler system. It is because a edifice with a fire sprinkler system provides extra fire safety for the edifice and therefore, the edifice worth more and the proprietor could derive more net income when selling the edifice.2.3.5 Reduce belongings harm costHarmonizing to records for decennaries on belongings harm, the proprietor save about 90 % on belongings harm costs with fire sprinkler systems than those without fire sprinkler systems when a fire is happened. This is clear that a fire sprinkler system will pay for itself many times over. Harmonizing to Daniel Snyder article, the mean cost of amendss in places with fire sprinkler systems was about $ 2,000 and the mean cost of amendss in places without sprinkler systems was about $ 45,000.2.3.6 More clip to get awayFire sprinkler systems provide an extra grade of protection for both life and belongings above fume and other fire sensing systems. Sprinkler systems evidently help people by giving more clip for them to get away when a fire is go oning, so they help to salvage lives. A right designed and installed sprinkler system can observe and command a fire at an early phase of fire development and activate an dismay. So with the right operation of the sprinkler system will quickly cut down the production rate of heat and fume, therefore leting more clip for the residents to get away safety or be rescued.2.3.7 Increase issue entree travel distance capacityAn addition in exit entree travel distances is a major distinguishable advantage for edifices with sprinkler system over edifices without sprinkler system. The issue entree travel distance mean the distance from any occupied part of a edifice to an issue. For illustration, the issue is such as enclosed staircase. Depending on the tenancy of the edifice, anyplace from an extra 50 to 100 pess of issue entree travel distance can be gained when the edifice is installed with fire sprinkler system ( International Building Codes, 2006 ) . Table 2.1 show the maximal travel distance between constructing with sprinkler and without sprinkler for different types of edifices. SEVENTH SCHEDULE MAXIMUM TRAVEL DISTANCES ( By-law 165 ( 4 ) , 166 ( 2 ) , 167 ( 1 ) , 170 ( B ) ) Purpose Group Limit when alternate issues are available ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Dead-end bound ( meter ) Un- sprinklered SprinkleredSmall ResidentialInstitutionalHospitals, Nursing Homes etc, School Open Plan Flexible PlanOther ResidentialHotels Flatss DormitoriesOfficeShopsFactoryGeneral and Special Purpose High Hazard Open constructionTopographic points of AssemblyStorage and GeneralLow an Ordinary jeopardy High Hazard Parking Garages Aircraft Hangars ( Ground Floor ) Aircraft airdocks ( Mezzanine Floor ) NR 9 6 NR NR 10 10 0 15 15 15 0 NR NR NR NR 15 NR NR NR 30 45 30 45 30 30 30 45 30 30 22 NR 45 NR 22.5 30 30 22.5 NR 45 60 45 60 45 45 45 60 45 45 22.5 NR 61 NR 30 45 45 22.5 Table 2.1 ( Beginnings from Uniform Building By-Law 1984 )2.3.8 Increase Egress capacityFor the tenancies edifices which are installed with fire sprinkler systems, except high-hazard and infirmary, the agencies of egress constituents can be increased 50 % for the stairway breadth and 33 % for all other egress constituents such as corridors, doors, inclines ( International Building Codes, 2006 ) . For illustration, a 44 inch of issue stairway concept in a edifice which is without fire sprinkler systems merely can function 146 individuals, but a same 44 inch of issue stairway concept in a edifice which is installed with fire sprinkler system can function 220 individuals. Besides that, 44 inch corridor concept with fire sprinkler system can function 293 individuals, without fire sprinkler system can function 220 individuals.2.3.9 Reduce building costAs antecedently reference, if the new edifice installed with fire sprinkler systems, it will do the extra 1 to 2 % addition in the concluding cost of the house. They are non merely can cut low the insurance premiums but besides cut down in building cost. This is because most edifice codifications provide big building leeway for sprinkler edifices. For illustration, fewer emersions are required and larger floor countries are allowed for the edifice with sprinkler systems installed. This executable design will assist proprietors and re sidents to cut down the building cost and stuff cost. Further more information about the advantages of fire sprinkler system relate to benefits of building cost economy will be explain as below:2.3.9.1 Decrease in shaft enclosuresFor edifice are non greater than 420 pess in tallness, the fire evaluation of perpendicular shaft such as HVAC, electrical, plumbing, trash/linen chutes, except issue enclosures and lift hoist manner enclosures, is permitted to be reduced to one hr where automatic sprinklers are installed within the shaft at the top and at alternate floor degrees ( International Building Codes, 2006 ) . This can be a large cost economy in high-rise edifice building.2.3.9.2 Elimination of the entree anteroom for smokeproof issue stairway enclosuresFor tower block edifice, the issue staircases off the floors located more than 75 pess above the lowest degree of fire section vehicle entree are required to be smokeproof issue enclosures ( IBC 1020.1.7 ) . The entree are to the s tairway in a smokeproof issue enclosure is required to be form an unfastened outside balcony ( IBC subdivision 909.20.3 ) or a ventilated anteroom ( IBC Section 909.20.4 ) , with a breadth of non less than 72 inches ( IBC Section 909.20.1 ) . If the high rise edifice is installed with fire sprinkler systems, under IBC subdivision 909.20.5 is allow to extinguish the unfastened outside balcony and /or the ventilated anteroom demands. This alternate saves valuable infinite on each floor of the edifice and it can be converted into rental or marketable infinite for the edifice proprietor. This can be a large cost economy in high-rise edifice building and besides derive excess net income for edifice proprietor.2.4 Problem of fire sprinkler systemFire sprinkler systems can be used to salvage lives, belongings and others benefit, whether they used in industrial edifices, offices, or place. But automatic fire sprinkler systems besides present some alone proficient jobs. Fortunately, such jobs can be avoided by cognizing the most common grounds for fire sprinkler failure. From the National Fire Sprinkler Association study, the most common grounds for fire sprinkler failure that are error sprinkler activate, overheating, stop deadin g, mechanical harm, corrosion, or leaking.2.4.1 Problem sing elements of fire sprinkler2.4.1.1 CorrosionCorrosion or rust can weaken pipes and sprinkler caputs. The terrible corrosion jobs have been normally attributed to microbiologically influenced corrosion and known as MIC. This can ensue a sudden and unwelcome activation when a sprinkler pipe or caput fails. The National Fire Protection Association states that edifice proprietors are responsible for replacing sprinkler constituents that are corroded or rusted. Corrosion of fire sprinkler piping can take to potentially risky system malfunction, every bit good as dearly-won H2O harm and fix costs. Unfortunately, reviews for MIC and corrosion are frequently overlooked until the jobs become serious, such as damaging leaks occur or the corrosion extend to a big countries of the full fire sprinkler system have to be replaced. This disciplinary care attack is a retro-active scheme. The undertaking of the care squad in this scenario is normally to consequence fixs every bit shortly as possible. Cost associated with disciplinary care include fix, lost production and lost gross revenues. Repair costs are included replacing constituents, labor, and consumables.Solution to corrosion of fire sprinklerA new proactive attack to fire sprinkler care is available utilizing wholly non-invasive, supersonic engineerings that from the BASIC of a prognostic care attack ( Jeffrey, 2005 ) . This attack provides a cost-efficient agencies of observing the presence and supervising patterned advance of corrosion and making a digital record of the system province that can be used to schedule replacing of localised subdivisions of the system before leaks or operation failure occur.2.4.1.2 Mechanical harmFire sprinkler systems depend on the unity of all their parts. If a sprinkler caput is hit or a pipe damaged, the parts can divi de and the system can non be activate when fire is present. A common job with sprinkler caputs is harm from nearby building of forklifts that are raised excessively high, by chance strike harding off sprinkler caputs. Besides that, put ining automatic sprinklers can besides ensue in harm to the system if improper tools or techniques are used ( Russell and Fleming, 2000 ) .Solution to mechanical harmFire sprinkler system must ever be inspected after the plants have been completed by contractor or sprinkler provider. Homeowner must guarantee all elements of the sprinklers in proper mode and without harm.2.4.2 Problem sing installing of fire sprinkler2.4.2.1 FreezingThere are two major sorts of fire sprinkler systems which are wet pipe and dry pipe sprinkler systems. Normally wet pipe sprinkler systems are most common used to put in in the edifices. For this sprinkler system, H2O is invariably maintained within the distribution piping. The advantage to this system is that it responds r apidly to a fire and less expensive than other sprinkler systems. The disadvantage to this system is than the H2O in the system could stop dead if installed to stop deading temperatures. The job that is some rawness builder installs this type of sprinkler system exposed to stop deading temperatures and causes the pipes freezing, the H2O inside can turn to frost and spread out. The enlargement can interrupt pipes and adjustments, doing leaks and loss of H2O force per unit area. The enlargement besides can coerce unfastened sprinkler caputs, doing inadvertent activation when the pipes thaw out ( Russell and Fleming, 2000 ) .Solution to shriek freezingThere are three solutions to work out this sort of job. The first solution to this job is to run all sprinkler shrieking inside interior walls and utilize wall mounted sprinkler caputs ( Schunk, 2008 ) . The ground of replace ceiling mounted sprinkler caputs to palisade mounted sprinkler caputs is that the infinite above the ceiling is capable to stop deading temperatures. Another solution to this job is to blend antifreeze into the H2O ( Schunk, 2008 ) . It will forestall H2O inside the distribution pipe freezing when H2O mix with antifreeze. A job with this solution is that the care requires periodic draining of the system and replenishing with the proper mixture. This care is non merely expensive but besides really mussy and hard to execute in a finished house. The last solution to forestall freeze is to put in the fire sprinkler shrieking beneath the ceiling insularity ( Schunk, 2008 ) . This ceiling insularity must do certain use to whole country, uncomplete ceiling insularity even to a little country will do the pipe freezing. In extra, insularity is merely slows down heat transportation and the pipes will finally stop dead if temperatures alterations to really cold. The best manner to forestall this job happen is that the rawness builder or householder must speak to his contractor or sprinkler gross revenues representative about method to maintain fire sprinkler systems from stop deading temperatures. From illustration, the right method to this job that is chooses the dry pipe sprinkler system in the freeze temperatures.2.4.2.2 OverheatingHeat is used to trip fire sprinklers. Fire sprinklers will automatic activate when the heat is detected and no affair the heat will or will non do the harm to people and belongings. Where fire sprinkler are located excessively close to warmer, fanlights, and other beginnings of heat, the fire sprinkler can by chance travel off and dispatch the H2O out.Solution to overheatingHarmonizing to the regulations of National Fire Protection Associated criterion 13, installings of sprinkler systems require that higher temperature rated sprinkler be used. This means that the solder elements or glass bulbs used as the oper ating mechanisms will be designed and replaced with sprinkler caputs that are rated for higher heat. For illustration, normal glass bulbs will trip at temperatures of 68-74 but for higher rate of glass bulbs will trip at temperatures of 93-149 ( Russell and Fleming, 2000 ) . If the heat is above this scope, a qualified contractor should be hired to do the necessary alterations.2.4.3 Problem sing H2O supply2.4.3.1 Water supplyA typical domestic H2O supply for one and two household homes includes a 5/8 † H2O service and metre and may include a H2O force per unit area regulator and/or a backflow preventer. All of these devices are designed for a typical residential H2O flow rate of 5 to 7 gallons per minute. Unfortunately, they can non present the 26 gpm which required by a residential fire sprinkler system. All of these devices need to be increased in size to 1A? † in order the H2O flow rate go 26 gpm ( Schunk, 2008 ) . The job is, a residential H2O force per unit area regulator and H2O metre that are increased in size to manage the higher fire flows will non decently cut down the H2O force per unit area when operating at the low flow rates that are typical in one and two household homes ( Schunk, 2008 ) .Solution to H2O supplySolution to these jobs is to put in a seconded larger H2O service dedicated to the fire sprinkler system. This solution is non merely expensive ab initio, but will hold ongoing cost because many H2O purveyors ‘ have a minimal monthly rate per metre. The minimal monthly rate mean even there is no ingestion but besides back up to pay certain minimal sum. Besides, the rates typically increase with the size of the H2O metre, so the fire sprinkler metre rates will be more so the rates for the domestic H2O metre. Again, adding a seconded larger H2O service and metre is a concealed cost that is because it is portion of the pipe fitter ‘s occupation, and hence non included in the fire sprinkler contractor ‘s command ( Schunk, 2008 ) .