Nursing Fundamental of Nursing

Question: Describe about the Fundamental of Nursing? Answer: Communication is very important in nursing practice because a good communication is needed between a patient and nurse for a good outcome. Communication is a vital role in career of nursing. By communication process the information are exchanged with the people. Nursing is the profession where the communication is more important because they are needed to communicate with the patient, the family of patient, the co-workers of nurses, supervisors, and many others. A socio cultural difference is one of the factors that influence communication. There are many socio cultural factors which are bigger scale services within societies and cultures that affect the feelings and thought (Cna-aiic.ca, 2015). Those factors are culture change, cross culture differences, attitudes, cultural deprivation, race, family structure, cultural identity, reputation, power, discrimination etc. Socio cultural factors are the factors which are incorporating social and cultural factors. Socio cultural factors ar e values, customs and lifestyle that indicate a group. Communication in this profession is not an easy task because single incorrect information may lead to a huge problem. So the potential and the skill of communication are very important for nursing career. Nurse patient interaction plays an important role in the health care service. The main factor that may influence in the career of the nurse is the skill and potential of communication with the patients. There are three major components for the successful communications. Those are receiver, sender and a message. The capacity for passing the message in a short period of time is very essential for a nurse (Ajol.info, 2015). The promises are given to the patient and their family by the nurses should follow. The proper conversation is needed during the delivery of a report to the family of patient and any kind of unnecessary conversation is strongly illegal. The nurse should understand what cultural groups do to keep wellness, how c urers care and cure for members of cultural groups, how cultural groups recognized life processes, how cultural groups define illness and health, what cultural groups believe to be the sources of illness and how the cultural background of the nurse impacts the way in which care is provided ('Socio-cultural Impacts on Communication Slips', 2015). The nurse should consider particular cultural factors influencing on separate clients and identify that intra cultural difference means that each client should be determined for individual cultural differences (Nursingworld.org, 2015). The nurse should understand the culture of other so that they can communicate in a proper way. Different type of patients has different type of language, culture, rules and norms. The nurse should be able to communicate with different type of patients. The patients and family of patient should not be ignored. For this reason the timing and the process of communication is very crucial between the nurse and the patient. There are few factors which are influencing the faith of the family of the patient. Those are the eye contact of the nurse, body language of the nurse and tone of voice of the nurse. The family of patient does not remember the name of the nurse but they remember the activity of the nurse during the crucial time of the patient. So nurse should be able to handle the difficult situations of the patient with a quality communication with the family of the patients. References: Ajol.info,. (2015).The Influence of Socio-cultural Domains on Communication. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/afrrev/article/viewFile/83609/73637 Cna-aiic.ca,. (2015).social determinants of health and nursing. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.cna-aiic.ca/~/media/cna/page-content/pdf-en/social-determinants-of-health-and-nursing_a-summary-of-the-issues.pdf?la=en Nursingworld.org,. (2015).Cultural Diversity in Nursing Practice. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/Policy-Advocacy/Positions-and-Resolutions/ANAPositionStatements/Position-Statements-Alphabetically/prtetcldv14444.html Socio-cultural Impacts on Communication Slips. (2015). Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2008v17n2/10%20Changyuan%20Liu%20%20Song%20Wang.pdf

Crowd Safety and Risk Management

Question: Discuss about background to the issue and love parade stampede? Answer: Introduction Crowd Safety and risk management is one of the most critical issues in todays world. Various concerts and functions all around the world take place and the most important aspect for the event management group of the respective concerts and functions being held are the safety of the crowd and assess the risk management via significant evaluations and analysis. The major motive is to maintain the decorum of the event along with managing the risk and crowd (Brown, 2014). One of the most significant events that has created huge impact on crowd safety and risk management is the Love Parade held in Berlin. In this report we will analyze and conceptualize on the risk management issues of the Love parade held in Berlin and the fatal stampede in 2010 which has led to the permanent closure of Love parade event in Berlin. Background to the Issue Groups frequently assemble at various venues ranging from sports activities to musical concerts often numbering to a few million in various places from sports stadiums to open Air Theater. Extreme crowding results sometimes in unwanted tragedies involving severe injuries and even may result in death and fatalities. A mass craze is sometimes directed at obtaining something highly valuable. One of the most significant examples is the Love parade that first commenced on July 1989 in the streets of Berlin, Germany. The Love parade was actually a popular dance music festival held annually from 1989 to 2003 in the capital city of Berlin, again on 2006 it was held in Berlin and from 2007 to 2010 in Ruhr (Burgan and Mules, 2000). The Love parade was actually started for a political demonstration for international understanding and peace via love for music. On 24th July 2010 the Love parade festival was called off and cancelled permanently by the organizer because the crowd rush led to the de ath of 21 people and more than 500 people being injured. Love parade Stampede The Love parade stampede in the year 2010 led the permanent cancellation of the event. It was reported that the people attending the event reached a mammoth amount of 1.4 million whereas the original expectation was round about 800,000. The police investigation believed that about 400,000 people were present during the event (Carlsen, Getz and Soutar, 2000). The huge stampede led to the death of 21 people and more than 500 approximately were reported severely injured near the tunnel that was overcrowded which led to the festival. It was also reported that about 20 casualties was the result of suffocation caused by the extreme crowd pressure. According to the investigation report the fire service extinguisher and the safety experts previously warned that the entire festival site was not meant for the number of people to attend the festival. It can be easily outlined that despite having several warnings the organizers were the key to the accident that cost many lives of innocent people. Problems Identified After analyzing and evaluating the entire accident that happened at the Love parade on 24th July 2010 in Berlin three significant problems were identified after investigating the entire event site and the incident caused. Problem 1 After analyzing the entire situation of the fatal incident of 2010 love parade the first and the foremost problem that was identified was the event site was overcrowded. It was expected about 800,000 whereas the crowd was around 1.4 million. From here it can be easily identified that the event planner was much more interested in making money rather than being interested in the safety of the people and crowd management. The planner was not provided with the permission for such number of people but ascertaining the money making way has led to the disastrous stampede (Robertson, Junek and Lockstone-Binney, 2014). Another significant example of the fatal stampede was the Hillsborough disaster. It was a human crush at a football match on 15th April 1989 leading to 96 people dead and 766 severely injured. According to reports a football match was played between Nottingham Forest and Liverpool and the major reason for the disaster was the elimination of standing terraces and lack of police control. Problem 2 Another problem that was identified ahead of the Love parade in Berlin was the failures of few event attendants and many were overwhelmed by the huge size of the crowd that the attendants were meant to direct. The same can also be recited about the police. The communication of their records on the day of the festival revealed poor decisions, misunderstandings and helplessness (Crowther, Bostock and Perry, 2015). The police communication was also hampered by the collapsed telephone network. The priority circuit which enables to prevent the network overloads was not prepared in fact it had not even been asked for. The entire cite lacked loudspeakers for instant announcements as there was no enough cable. Problem 3 The report of the prosecutors provided that the security staffs were not informed and overlooked the basic problems of the large scale event and the buck of responsibility was passed eventually to the security plan by the organizers of Love Parade. The security staff as already mentioned was not enough to control the huge crowd and it was also reported that they were not properly trained. The idealistic and immense damage would have hit the organizers of the Ruhr region and the organizers had the event been called off due to potential risks (Drengner, Jahn and Zanger, 2011). Thus, the final permit for the Love parade was sanctioned just before three days of the event and until the final day of the event traffic barriers were removed for accommodation of emergency vehicles. Strategies or Solutions to be considered Definite strategies and solutions are the need of the hour in an event like Love parade. The inefficiencies with the event organizers and the staff have led to the huge disaster (Korstanje, 2009). It is the significant role of the organizers and event managers to assess the risk management while the event. Significant measures must be outline beforehand to avoid the disputes and risk that can create misfortunes during the event. One can only opine that the cash-strapped city and the organizers wanted to host the event but never expected such a turnout of boisterous young people but did not pay enough attention to the safety measures or a backup plan in case of a calamity (HARRIS, 2004). In any case, it is the sole responsibility of the organizers to inform the crowd of the event about the foreseeable dangers and emergency procedures in the event of an emergency. Emergency power backup plans are a must because in the case of complete power and communications failure may lead to panic amongst the crowd. Critical medical needs such as stretchers, oxygen, and an ambulance should always be in a standby mode in case of any urgency. Lots of lives have been lost due to failure to provide immediate emergency support to the victims. Proper metering of the venue with clear pathways, corridors, entrances and exits is necessary with organizers continuously communicating with each other during the event (Korstanje, 2009). The event or function venue should be opened early and delay the closing because it leads to dispersion of the crowd into various places avoiding jamming and overcrowded situations. After the Love parade incident occurred large scale events in Germany can also end up in disastrous misfortune. Thus all basic routes to every festival area are being widened along with installation of more emergency exits with lighting (Getz, 2012). Video Surveillance systems are being installed to have a significant view of the visitors flow. All security personnel have been well trained and increased so that in any kind of emergency situation there are enough security personnel in charge to direct and control the huge crowd. Conclusion To conclude, crowd control and risk management today have become a vital part of any event for the organizers and event management personnel. From the 2010 Berlin Love Parade incident which could have been avoided if real-time communication skills and administrative crowd control were demonstrated (Pernecky, 2015). More and more firms are emphasizing on properly training and honing the skills of event managers to avoid disasters during events. They are now equipped with state of the art communications tools and emergency training procedures to prevent any potential mishap (Reid and Ritchie, 2011). Worldwide, we hear news almost every day of such incidents which leaves us in utter shock and dismay at the number of innocent lives lost or fatally injured due to improper crowd management. We should act now to prevent such tragic incidents in the future. References Brown, S. (2014). Emerging Professionalism in the Event Industry: A Practitioner's Perspective.Event Management, 18(1), pp.15-24. Burgan, B. and Mules, T. (2000). Sampling Frame Issues in Identifying Event-Related Expenditure.Event Management, 6(4), pp.223-230. Carlsen, J., Getz, D. and Soutar, G. (2000). Event Evaluation Research.Event Management, 6(4), pp.247-257. Crowther, P., Bostock, J. and Perry, J. (2015). Review of Established Methods in Event Research.Event Management, 19(1), pp.93-107. Drengner, J., Jahn, S. and Zanger, C. (2011). Measuring EventBrand Congruence.Event Management, 15(1), pp.25-36. Getz, D. (2012). Event Studies: Discourses and Future Directions.Event Management, 16(2), pp.171-187. Goldblatt, J. (1996). Event Management Event Tourism.Festival Management and Event Tourism, 4(3), pp.157-158. HARRIS, V. (2004). MANAGEMENT PRACTICE EVENT MANAGEMENT: A NEW PROFESSION?.Event Management, 9(1), pp.103-109. Korstanje, M. (2009). Reconsidering the Roots of Event Management: Leisure in Ancient Rome.Event Management, 13(3), pp.197-203. Pernecky, T. (2015). Sustainable Leadership in Event Management.Event Management, 19(1), pp.109-121. Reid, S. and Ritchie, B. (2011). Risk Management: Event Managers' Attitudes, Beliefs, and Perceived Constraints.Event Management, 15(4), pp.329-341. Robertson, M., Junek, O. and Lockstone-Binney, L. (2014). Introduction: ProfessIonalIzatIon and event ManageMent.Event Management, 18(1), pp.1-3.

Understanding the Three Mile Island Nuclear Meltdown through the Perspective of Human

The 21st century will not only be defined by technology but also by the existence of complex organisations that leverage advances in the field of information technology, computers, and advanced management techniques. This is the reason why a corporation can have a main office in London but can do business all over the globe 24 hours a day and seven days a week.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Understanding the Three Mile Island Nuclear Meltdown through the Perspective of Human specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aside from that the needs of a growing population such as urban centres that can hold tens of millions of people also necessitate the creation and maintenance of complex and gigantic structures such as those that deliver water, electricity and gas. The intricate systems that these structures contain multiply the probability of errors. Although there is a system of checks in place these types of faciliti es cannot afford malfunction or human errors. One good example is the nuclear facility in Three-Mile-Island that experienced a meltdown. The cause of the malfunction is linked to what managers now call as â€Å"human factors† and a clear understanding of what it means can help prevent future problems of this magnitude and potential consequence. Human Factor Before going any further it is imperative to get a clear understanding of the impact of human factors on the organisation, technology, and work and safety aspects of a nuclear plant. An excellent backdrop for this study is the definition for this concept as seen below: Human factors is a multidisciplinary field that draws on the methods, data, and principles of the behavioural and social sciences, engineering, physiology, anthropometry, biomechanics, and other disciplines to design systems that are compatible with the capabilities and limitations of the people who will use them. Its goal has been to design system that use human capabilities in appropriate ways, that protect systems from human frailties, and that protect humans from hazards associated with operation of the system (Moray Huey, 1988). This definition was the by-product of assiduous work in the field of nuclear regulatory research. This is research initiative, prompted no doubt by mishaps and other problems encountered by those working under the U.S. nuclear program. The compact definition has to be unpacked in order to appreciate the multidisciplinary aspect of human factors research.Advertising Looking for assessment on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Firstly, all of the supporters of human factors research are in agreement that it simply impractical and unwise to focus on one or few fields when it comes to designing a safe and efficient system, especially when it comes to critical operations such as those that can be found in aviation or nuclear facilities. Se condly, it is not enough to simply increase the scope of study. There is a good reason why they included not only the integration of social and behavioural sciences; they also found the link between these fields and those of engineering, physiology, anthropometry, and biomechanics. Human factors research looks at the people behind the organisation as well as the technology required to accomplish what seems to be a humanly impossible task such as the monitoring and maintenance of critical systems. And finally, the definition suggests that no matter how technology has advanced there will always be a need for human expertise, the human touch is required to keep an operation to run smoothly. But this has another side to it. Due to the participation of humans in the creation, implementation and upkeep of a complex systems such as a nuclear power plant then that particular system is prone to error. Therefore, the purpose of human factors research is to design systems that are well-suited to the capabilities and limitation of the staff and operators handling and maintaining that system (Moray Huey, 1988). This is expounded even further by the realisation that human talents, perception, expectation must be considered into the design or training strategies to prepare those who will use the system. Another major purpose of human factors research is to develop a system that is protected from human frailties (Moray Huey, 1988). It is an acknowledgment that although humans can sometimes outperform machines, for example machines only do what they are programmed to do but can never make adjustments to changing conditions – but at the same time there are limitations to what the human body can do. Machines are not prone to fatigue but humans have limits that can be measured and factored into the design of the system.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Understanding the Three Mile Island Nuclear Meltdown through the Perspective of Human specifi cally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, human factors research is not only limited to manufacturing high-quality products and services but it is also about protecting humans from the inherent hazards of a particular system (Moray Huey, 1988). In the case of Three-Mile-Island the potential hazard is the radioactive material within the two nuclear reactors. If radioactive radiation leaks into the atmosphere the first group of individuals who will suffer from contact with radioactive materials are going to be the staff and operators and then if there is a nuclear meltdown then the whole community near the nuclear plant and so their safety must also be included in the overall design. Three-Mile-Island: Review of Facility In September 1978 the people of Pennsylvania took notice of a dedication ceremony for the newly completed nuclear power plant built in an island accessible through the Susquehanna River and it was called after the name of its location and known hereafter as the Three-Mile-Island Nuclear Power Plant (Derkins, 2003). It is located a mere 15 kilometres away from Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylvania (Derkins, 2003). Americans are used to such announcements and it can be argued that no one had a premonition of what would follow; before the tragic event that would occur months later, a nuclear power plant is deemed safe and efficient. There was usually no drama involved. But this one is different. The said nuclear power plant is comprised of two units, two reactors and designated as follows: TMI-I was constructed at the northern end of the island in 1968 while TMI-2 was constructed just south of the first unit and it was started in 1969 (Derkins, 2003) The first unit, TMI-1, was completed in 1974 and immediately began to generate electricity but for the second unit, TMI-2 encountered construction delays and did not start generating electricity until 1978 (Derkins, 2003). It should have been a warning for t he operators but this was not uncovered because of the absence of an effective HRA tool. The Control Room and Plant Equipment Design The control room was designed in such a way that it will alert the operators if there were problems but in 1979 a complex system like this one can only do so much. So in the midst of an impending crisis a loud horn was heard by the operators and the control panels began to light up like a Christmas tree.Advertising Looking for assessment on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More But there was no way to differentiate what was trivial and what was critical, the flashing lights added to the confusion but never guided the operators to the real cause of the problem. If only they knew that a critical component a relief valve has malfunctioned. This valve controls the pressure of the reactor coolant and by staying open it reduces the amount of reactor coolant in the system. However, the only way for the operators to know this is to walk behind a seven-foot high instrument panel to discover that the coolant was dangerously low but it was not convenient and practical to keep on walking back and forth from the centre of the control room to the back of the control panel and so it was easy to miss it (Walker, 2004) The operators relied on a less reliable system. They installed a signal light in the control panel and when it is lighted then it means that the relief valve was open and if it was not lighted then they assume that the relief valve was closed (Walker, 2004). The operators were unaware of the failure of the relief valve and so they made the assumption that the pressure in the reactor was still high and therefore there was enough coolant within TMI-2 (U.S. NRC, 2010). This is the reason why the reactor generated tremendous amounts of heat that at the end melted the core. Aside from the human factor and the complex operation requirement needed to run the nuclear plant, another major factor that has to be considered in order to understand why the Three-Mile-Island debacle occurred is the use of a technology called â€Å"pressurized water reactors† also known as â€Å"PWR† (Walker, 2004) This type of technology was most common in all the reactors built before the 1980s (Walker, 2004). But for Babcock and Wilcox the reactor manufacturer commissioned to build TMI-1 and TMI-2 there is no other way to build a reactor other than the use of PWR (Walker, 2004). This is significant because there is a critical part of the design which is called the Pilot-Operated-Relief-Valve (â€Å"PORV†) and it can be found on top of a forty-foot high container called a pressurizer but when it malfunctioned there was nothing that was installed to alert the operators that it has stayed open or stayed close (Walker, 2004). In other words it was the weak link in the design. This is how the PORV was supposed to work: if the pressure in TMI-2 rises rapidly so the pressurizer is overwhelmed by the sudden build-up and so it was designed to open to release cooling water and therefore reduce the pressure build-up (Walker, 2004). At first this is what happened when other parts of the system malfunctioned at about 4:00 AM, March 28, 1979 (Walker,2004). However, ten seconds later when the pressure and heat levels were back to normal the PORV was supposed to close as designed but in this case it did not close and coolant was oozing out of the reactor (Walker, 2004). The problem with this scenario is that this was not the first time t hat a PORV was stuck open, especially in TMI-2 and yet no one took time and effort to fix the problem or redesign the whole system. It was revealed later that this type of problem is common in nuclear reactors designed by Babcock and Wilcox. In fact what happened in Three-Mile-Island was replicated two years earlier in a similarly designed system at a nuclear plant named Davis-Besse (Walker,2004). The only difference is that in that case an operator was aware that there was a problem with the PORV because it stayed open and so he immediately took action to close the relief valve (Walker, 2004). In the case of TMI-2 no one knew about this problem if they did then they would have automatically went to the PORV monitor and closed the relief valve when needed. Due to the error there was no adequate cooling for the reactor and as a result the nuclear fuel overheated and the core began to melt (U.S.NRC, 2010). Human Error Types and Models There are three types of errors based on psycholog ical error mechanisms and these are listed as follows: 1) error of omission; 2) error of commission; and 3) psychological error (Verma, Ajit, Karanki, ) This is a good starting point for understanding human errors because it clearly differentiates error based on what the person did while working in a nuclear facility and the third one is the error due to lapses in memory, attention failure, and perception failure (Verma, Ajit, Karanki, 2010). These explains some of the basic errors committed in the workplace, factory or even in a nuclear facility. It is also helpful in designing a fail-safe system for planners to be acquainted with the different types of actions based on work complexities (Verma, Ajit, Karanki, 2010). These are widely known as: 1) Skill based actions; 2) Rule based actions; and 3) Knowledge based actions (Verma, Ajit, Karanki, 2010). If these are linked to human errors then slips and lapses usually occurs when it comes to skill-based actions, during routine well -practiced tasks that does not require conscious effort (Strauch, 2004). In addition there are also rule-based mistakes and knowledge-based mistakes. In the case of the former, the operator or manager applied the wrong rule. In the case of the latter the operator or manager did not posses the correct knowledge and did not have the experience to deal with a novel situation presented to him or her (Strauch, 2004). The last one can explain what happened to the Three-Mile-Island accident. The Three-Mile-Island Accident is not the result of error of commission. There was no deliberate act that resulted in failure in fact the operators had no idea what was going on, they were inundated with information and system signals that they do not know what was trivial and what was critical so that they could be guided to do the next crucial step. The incident was also the result of error of omission because the operators are all competent engineers and workers who had a clear understanding of how the system works. For instance if a supervisor told them that the relief valve was stuck and needed to be closed they would immediately know that the PORV should be closed to restore the correct amount of coolant in the reactor. But they were not privy to this information. Thus, the Three-Mile-Island incident was the result of a psychological error in the sense that it was a failure in perception. The engineers and operators thought that they were dealing with loss of water, clogged condenser etc. but the truth is there was only one critical problem that they had to address and everything could be reset to normal and yet they were unaware, the limitations of their knowledge about the Wilcox and Babcock designed nuclear plant brought them to the edge of a major disaster that could have taken hundreds even thousands of lives. Human Reliability Analysis The best HRA tool that is best suited to analyse the weakness, potential problems of a nuclear power facility is what is commonly know n as the Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction because it combines task and event tree analysis and more than that it was originally designed for the nuclear industry (Attwood Crowl, 2007). The effectiveness of THERP is seen in how it thoroughly evaluates the task at hand as well as help in developing an event tree analysis that will map out for the managers and operators of a nuclear facility what will happen if this particular steps is omitted or if a particular function failed. An event tree analysis which also serves as visual aid in the mastery of complex systems will provide an overview of the nuclear facility and its various operations. This simply means that THERP will predict what will happen in the event that a particular action is committed or omitted or if a fail-safe system did not function as designed. Other HRA tools are also effective but there are some that are reactionary in the sense that it makes recommendations based on what has happened in the past. For ex ample one HRA established a formula wherein he said that for every 10 near misses there will be an accident (Hughes Ferret, 2005). This gives the impression that managers will have to look at patterns and recognise the problem. This may work in other fields but should not be recommended for use in a nuclear facility. In a nuclear power plant something wrong can happen without precedent – it is sudden and catastrophic – there would be no time to evaluate and then make recommendations. The risk is too high to be entrusted to an HRA tool that is not as thorough as THERP. Human Factor Integration The Human Factor Integration is an important step because it is the systematic process for identifying and tracking as well as resolving human factors related issues so that planners and system engineers can create a system that balances the impact of human talents and limitation and technology (Strauch, 2004). In the case of the Three-Mile-Island incident a correctly done HFI wo uld have prevented the problem. An event tree analysis as well as task analysis was completed so that even if the operators were confronted by a novel problem they would still be able to solve the problem and not overwhelmed with various signals and information that did not make sense to them. They would have designed a control room that allow them to see every instrument and every signal that needed their attention should be displayed prominently. The HFI Plan Babcock and Wilcox, the firm that was contracted to build the Three-Mile-Island nuclear power plant should have created a human reliability analysis and the tool that they should have adopted is the THERP. If this was accomplished then they would have created a task analysis and at the same time an event tree analysis. They were able to train the support group, the operators and engineers on what to do in case of major failures but there was no system in place to deal with novel problems. And the reason for that was simple; t here was not HRA that was conducted that could have predicted human error and other forms of mechanical failure. Using an event tree analysis the operators would have known what would happen every step of the way. They are not only aware of the major components of a complex system but they would have been made familiar with the sequence of events and how the failure of one component will lead to what kind of effect. The use of THERP would have exposed the weakness of the system. In the case of the Three-Mile-Island accident the weak link is the design of the PORV signal. The signal was basic, a light that was turned on signified that the valve was open and when the light is not on then it means that the valve was close. The engineers who designed the system did not consider the possibility that the signal light may fail. They also did not consider the possibility that the operators will simply assume that that the valve was closed based on the absence of light coming from the instru ment monitoring the PORV. The one who designed the system did not consider what would happen in the event of multiple malfunctions and what it would look like inside the control room. The control room was supposed to be the eyes and ears of the engineers with regards to what is happening within the nuclear reactor. Yet it was poorly designed. A good HRA tool will determine not only the effectiveness of the control panels to convey data but to transmit data in a way that could assist the operators to deal with the most critical issue and the most critical issue during that time is not the problem with the heaters or the mechanical failure of some components of TMI-2. The most critical issue is the lack of coolant inside a super-heated reactor. Conclusion The Three-Mile-Island incident could have been easily avoided if an effective HRA tool was used even before construction of the nuclear plant was given the go signal to proceed. By using an HRA tool such as the THERP the engineers an d operators would have known that a very simple valve would play a crucial role in the meltdown of the reactor. This means that the signal that is coming from this valve should have been displayed prominently in the control room. Aside from that there should have been a more sophisticated means of alerting the operators that the valve has malfunctioned. They should not be made to rely on a simple mechanism just like the light signal coming from an obscure mechanism situated behind the control panels. The THERP would have given them a heads up when it comes to unprecedented events. They would have predicted the probability of human errors and mechanical failure so that they could create system to deal with potential problems. For instance, the signal connected to the PORV should not be a simple light bulb it should be a gauge that provides an accurate reading and it must be displayed prominently in the control room. Thus, a quick glance of the controls will immediately alert the oper ators that coolant was leaking out of the reactor. References Attwood, d. D. Crowl. (2007). Human Factors Methods for Improving Performance in the  Process Industries. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Dekker, S. (2005). Ten Questions About Human Error: A New View of Human Factors and  System Safety. New York: Routledge. Derkins, S. (2003). The Meltdown at Three Mile Island. New York: Rosen Publishing. Hughes, P. E. Ferret. (2005). Introduction to Health and Safety Work. Oxford: Butterworth- Heinemann. Moray, N. B. Huey. (1988). Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. U.S. NRC. (2010). â€Å"Backgrounder on the Three-Mile-Island Accident.† Retrieved from https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html Strauch, B, (2004). Investigating Human Error: Incidents, Accidents, and Complex Systems. UK: Ashgate Publishing. Verma, A. S. Ajit, D. Karanki. (2010). Reliability and Safety Engineering. London: Springer. Walker, S. (2004). Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective. CA: University of California Press. 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How to Write a Good Essay With Sample Essay Topics

How to Write a Good Essay With Sample Essay TopicsIf you are looking for some sample essay topics that will show you how to write a good essay, then you are in the right place. It is important to understand that there are many writers who are successful in writing essays based on a specific topic. It is not an easy task to write an essay because it involves the analysis of an individual's life experiences. That is why they need to find a proper topic that can be used as an essay topic.If you are writing an essay based on a particular topic, then it is advisable to search online for some sample essay topics that can be used as examples. You can simply use the search engine to look for the main topics that are used by most writers. It is necessary to have some topics that can make your essay interesting and also interesting enough to grab the attention of readers. The best way to approach writing the article is to look at the basic elements that should be included in the essay.One of t he ways that you can use to determine the sample essay topics that are appropriate for your essay is to look at the descriptions. Look at the sentence structure and read the paragraph headings carefully. Usually the authors use the heading to introduce the idea behind the content of the essay. By doing this, you can easily distinguish whether you have the topic of your essay covered. Look for those paragraphs that contain a discussion of a major event or a current event in the life of the writer.After you have identified the most important and the general themes that can be used in the essay, you can proceed to write about the events that took place in the life of the writer. This is a time when the language will be more informal and spontaneous and more expressive. In order to do this, you can use the examples provided in the sample essay topics that will help you with your writing.Most of the time, writers use sample essay topics to explain their topics. As a matter of fact, it is very important for them to be able to communicate with their audience. By using the correct keywords in the essay, you will be able to convey the essence of the ideas of the article to your readers. Writing the sample essay topics will also allow you to get familiar with the grammar and punctuation marks that will be used in the text.After completing the whole paragraph, you can proceed to include the conclusion to the essay. This is another time where you can take the help of the sample essay topics that will help you with your writing skills. Before ending the paragraph, make sure that the first paragraph has been completed and included in the body of the essay.In order to have a well-written article, you need to make sure that the content of the article is given enough importance. By utilizing the sample essay topics, you will be able to determine what kind of writing that you will have to do. You can also take the help of the essay prompts which will provide you with a list of the things that you need to include in the essay. These things will include the title of the article, a short paragraph explaining the premise of the article, and then finally the body of the article.

Women in Society essays

Women in Society essays Women have many different roles in society. These roles have been drastically changed from women being homemakers to women taking on jobs extra schooling, and still managing the majority of caring for their families. Research shows that this can be extremely stressful on a woman. In the 1950s most women stayed at home and took care of their families. Only about 18.4 million women were working outside the home. In 1950 women made up 29.6% of the work force. In the 1970s more women started to work. This was the start of the first dual career families, at that time 39% of the work force were women. As of 2001 66 million women are working and make up 46% of the labor force: 73% are women with children younger than 18, 78% have children 6-17 years old, 64.4% have children younger than six years old. In 2000 maintained 12.8 million families representing 17.8% of all families, compared to the 1970s 5.6 million representing 10.8% of all families at that time. In 2000 78% of women who maintained families were employed. As women added more roles they acquired more work. In families without children both men and women worked about 60 hours per week. As soon as a child is introduced into the family the total workload increases rapidly for women. In a family with three or more children women typically spend 90 hours a week in paid and unpaid labor while men only spend 60 hours. Womens stress is determined by the interaction of conditions at home and at work, whereas men respond selectively to situations. Women cant look forward to relaxing in the evening or weekends, either. Women have a harder time unwinding physiologically once they are home. Another stressful factor is women not being able to take care of their children how they would like to. In a family values survey over a two-year period, the polls showed a twenty-point rise in the number of people who felt that were not spending enough time with thei ...

PARAPHRASE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PARAPHRASE - Essay Example They do not use command-and-control model and they ensure the transmission of the company’s culture. Nucor also has an unusual pay system that shares corporate wealth with workers (profits and bonuses). Workers’ and managers’ take-home greatly depends on results and pay disparities are modest with executive pay geared toward team-building. There also exists a healthy competition in Nucor based on efficiency, safety and output among shifts and facilities, balanced with a long history of idea-sharing and cooperation. Just as Nucor rewards good work, it also penalizes bad work and this way, the company’s model has brought it numerous benefits including improved annual production of acquisitions and improved total shipments. With the company’s growth, its existing facilities whose products overlap with those of acquired plants may be forced to seek new businesses to branch into thereby making its workers innovate themselves into more lucrative spots out of tough ones. Apparently, Nucor is the leading and the most outstanding steel company in the U.S. Its model energizes workers and provides an example of exceptional strategic execution. It also ensures that both workers and managers demonstrate a level of fervor for the company that can border on the bizarre. For other companies, the model is therefore worth

Accountancy is not a profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accountancy is not a profession - Essay Example Here the skill lies in choosing and conveying the information, which is relevant and reliable to the user. According to the  American Institute of Certified Public Accountants  (AICPA), accountancy can be defined as â€Å"the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, and interpreting the results thereof† (Accounting, Finance & Capital Budgeting, nd., 1). Early records show that accountancy was used primarily for maintaining business related data on behalf of businesspersons  and the only account viewer were record keepers who maintained accounts. In the current context, accounting is referred to as â€Å"the language of business† (McGrath, 1921, 5) since it is a vehicle primarily used for publicizing financial data about a business firm to various interested people. There are different theories that try to elucidate the development of pr ofessionalism within accountancy and whether it can be taken as a profession or as a trade. As per the functionalist theory, a profession starts only when there are a group of people practicing specific techniques based on specially designed training. They are viewed as forming a group to mutually assure their skill and competence and maintain high standard In terms of professional practice and character (Carr-Saunders, 1928). In this context, the paper will examine whether accountancy is a profession or a part of the trade market primarily from a functionalist perspective. Discussion Accounting as a profession has been analysed from various perspectives and different settings. Various researches have used the functionalist, critical and interactionist perspectives to elucidate the development of professionalism within accountancy even though it had mainly trade market associations. The functionalist theories claim that the core of professionalization is based on any profession†˜s capability to create professionals with a common set of skills and knowledge that would work towards serving the society selflessly. The interactionist perspectives on the other hand suggest that professions are interest-based groups that aim at persuading the society members to seek their advices/services for protecting and furthering their own interests. The critical perspective, which is modern in form, analyses the process of professionaliz